Archive from November, 2007
Nov 27, 2007 - .Fiction    No Comments    1,374 views

Enjoy reading The Thirteenth Tale?

ASK! about Fiction

[ASK! Editor speaks:]
I have just completed ‘The Thirteenth Tale’, and it comes highly recommended!
For those in the unknown, ‘The Thirteenth Tale’, by Diane Setterfield, chronicles the tale of a reclusive author, Vida Winters. Vida Winters was renowned for her enthralling book of stories ‘ Thirteen tales of change and desperation’. Except that there was only twelve stories in that book. Curiously, Vida Winters called upon a young unknown biographer, Margaret Lea, to help unravel her personal story — the missing thirteenth tale. For most of her life, Vida Winters has woven nineteen different versions of her life story to different journalists.
Why does Vida Winters try so hard to conceal her life story? What horrifying secret is Vida Winters trying to hide? Read ‘The Thirteenth Tale’ to find out!

If you have read ‘The Thirteenth Tale’ and enjoyed it as much as I have, below are some readalikes recommendations.
There is a suggested list of titles which feature “books” as part of the storyline. A “identity fiction” title and two “recluses as authors fiction” titles have been included as suggested readalikes to ‘The Thirteenth Tale’. The location and availability of the books can be checked via our online catalogue at http://vistaweb.nlb.gov.sg/.

Books:
[1] Title: Literacy and longing in L.A.
By: Jennifer Kaufman and Karen Mack
Call Number: English KAU
“Whenever her life hits a crisis, Dora escapes into a carefully selected stack of books, shutting herself away from the outside world until she emerges from her book binge capable of facing her problems.”

[2] Title: If on a winter’s night a traveler
By: Italo Calvino ; translated from the Italian by William Weaver
Call Number: English CAL
“Ten different and thoroughly dissimilar novels intertwine as the beginning of each book, interrupted at a critical moment of suspense, leads into yet another novel reflecting yet another literary mode”

[3] Title: The Jane Austen book club
By: Karen Joy Fowler
Call Number: English FOW-[RO]
“As six Californians get together to form a book club to discuss the novels of Jane Austen, their lives are turned upside down by troubled marriages, illicit affairs, changing relationships, and love.”

[4] Title: The camel bookmobile
By: Masha Hamilton
Call Number: English HAM
“Establishing a bookmobile in a destitute Kenyan village, well-intentioned Fiona Sweeney inadvertently renews a decades-old tribal feud involving a camel-powered bookmobile and prior efforts to promote local education.”

[5] Title: The Dumas club
By: Arturo Pérez-Reverte ; translated from the Spanish by Sonia Soto.
Call Number: English PER -[MY]
“Lucas Corso’s search for the original copy of a book of the occult takes him from Madrid to Paris and into a secret society of antiquarians.”

[6] Title: The ghost writer
By: John Harwood.
Call Number: English HAR -[HO]
“Plagued with unpleasant memories of his mother’s death, shy Gerard Freeman is obsessed with the manuscript of a century-old ghost story written by his great-grandmother and entrusted to his care.”

Identity:
[7] Title: The stolen child : a novel
By: Keith Donohue.
Call Number: English DON -[FN]
“Stolen from his family by changelings, Henry Day is given the name “Aniday” by the ageless and magical beings, who replace him with another child who takes his place with his parents, a young boy who possesses an extraordinary gift of music.”

Recluses as authors fiction:
[8] Title: The tattooed girl: a novel
By: Joyce Carol Oates
Call Number: English OAT
“When his failing health prompts him to hire an assistant, reclusive author Joshua Siegl recruits Alma, unaware of her tortured past and the hatred stirring within her that incides her to commit anti-Semitic acts.”

[9] Title: The muse asylum
By: David Czuchlewski
Call Number: English CZU
“From within the confines of a psychiatric ward, Andrew Wallace, a troubled young genius, continues his obsession with a reclusive writer, spinning conspiratorial tales that threaten to overwealm his world. A first novel. Reprint.”

Book summaries are extracted from EBSCO NoveList

Answered by Ms Ng Kiak Peng, Librarian, Adult and Young People’s Services

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Nov 23, 2007 - Science & Technology    No Comments    1,319 views

What is the meaning behind the names of hurricanes?

ASK! about Science & Technology

Before we get to the answer about the meanings behind the names, let’s first understand the difference between a hurricane, a cyclone and a typhoon.

A hurricane is a violent ocean storm near the equator in the eastern Pacific or Atlantic oceans in late summer or early autumn. The same kind of storm is also known by other names. Scientists call them cyclones when they happen just north or south of the equator and in the Indian Ocean. They are called typhoons in the western Pacific Ocean or the China Sea.

Weather scientists call hurricanes by names to make clear just which storm they are talking about, especially when two or more take place at the same time. They say using short names is especially important when exchanging storm information among weather stations and ships at sea.

An Australian weather scientist began giving women’s names to storms before the end of the nineteenth century. Weather scientists used the names of their girlfriends or wives for storms during World War Two. The United States weather service started officially using women’s names for storms in 1953. In 1978, it began including men’s names as well.

It appears that there is no meaning behind the names. They were simply pre-assigned in advance in the sequence of names in alphabetical order of A,B,C… by year.
Today, scientists make up lists of names years in advance. They agree on them at meetings of the World Meteorological Organization. The lists include both American and international names.

The United States National Hurricane Center near Miami, Florida, watches for the development of storms. It gives a name to each one that reaches a wind speed of sixty-two kilometers an hour. A different list of names is used each year. The first name begins with the letter “A”. The second begins with “B” and so on. The same list will not be used again for at least six years. Names of storms used so far this year include Arlene, Bret, Cindy, Dennis, Emily, Franklin and the recent ones: Katrina and Ophelia.

The names of storms that have caused extremely severe damage may be retired at the request of the country that was affected. That name will not be used again for at least ten years. This is done to avoid legal problems or confusion. It may be reasonable to believe that the United States will ask that the name Katrina be retired.

To learn more about the history of naming hurricanes,
you can visit this website at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml
Curious about what are the pre-set names of hurricanes for the next 5 years? Go to http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtml

Answered by Mr Chong Thong Yang, Librarian, Adult and Young People’s Services

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Nov 22, 2007 - ..Children, Science & Technology    2 Comments    3,634 views

Why do we breathe in oxygen?

Kids ASK! about Science & Technology

“When you inhale, the oxygen in the air is absorbed into your bloodstream through tiny sacs in your lungs, called alveoli.

As soon as the oxygen enters your blood, a passing protein molecule called hemoglobin picks it up. Each molecule of hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen to almost anywhere in the body.

The hemoglobin transport the oxygen to your cells where another protein, called cytochrome C oxidase makes two molecules of water out of every molecules of oxygen delivered to it…. This protein cytochrome C oxidase, mixes the ingredients for water and harvests the released energy. The cells then use the energy to perform the everyday functions that your body needs.”

Source : “Why do we need to breathe oxygen? ” on Michigan State University Science Theatre. (Article is found at: www.sciencetheatre.org/ask_st/013196.html.)

If you want to find out more information on the topic, you may refer to the following books and websites:

respsys.jpg
The respiratory system by Kristin Petrie
Publisher : Edina, Minn. : Abdo Pub., 2007
Call No. : J English 612.2 PET

propofgases.jpg
The properties of gases by Marylou Morano Kjelle
Publisher : New York, N.Y. : PowerKids Press, 2007
Call No. : J English 530.4 KJE

Breath: the respiratory system by Gillian Houghton
Publisher : New York, N.Y. : PowerKids Press, 2007
Call No. : J English 612.2 HOU

Oxygen for life: I want to breathe by Lanka Devi Sinniah
Publisher : Selangor, Malaysia : Ilmiah Publishers, 2004
Call No. : J English 572 SIN

Article “Welcome to the Respiratory System” on ThinkQuest
(article is located at library.thinkquest.org/5777/resp1.htm)

Article “All about Oxygen” on Critical Care Medicine Tutorials
(article is located at www.ccmtutorials.com/rs/oxygen/index.htm)

All websites are last accessed on 22 Nov 2007. Please check the websites’ homepages for the terms and conditions of use.
For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Answered by Ms Ong Tin Ling, Librarian, Children’s Services

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Nov 22, 2007 - ..Children, Cookery    No Comments    1,434 views

Cookery books for children

Kids ASK! about Cookery

[ASK! Editor speaks]

Perhaps you would have noticed like I do that there have been many cookery classes for kids and their parents sprouting up almost everywhere these days. Or maybe you are a parent and find yourself getting caught up in the craze as well.

The idea of having little chefs is interesting, though I catch myself wondering if the place where sharp objects (like knives) and open fire are found is indeed safe for children. And really, what is drawing parents to sign up cooking classes for their children and themselves? I managed to find an article entitled Cooking – Get Your Kids Involved When You Cook on a blog, rtfobj by nbmsaq (last accessed on 18 Nov 07), where I found some possible explanations and benefits. I find myself agreeing with the author’s views that cooking is an avenue for kids to express their creativity and creates quality bonding time between the parents and the children. So it seems I’m itching to pick up that spatula now!

But before that, here are some books that you may like to pick up on recipes and ideas that you can whip up in the kitchen with your little loved ones.

coolfoods.jpg
Cool foods for fun fiestas : easy recipes for kids to cook by Lisa Wagner
Publisher : Edina, MN : ABDO Pub. Co., c2007
Call No. : J English 641.5 WAG

coolcuisine.jpg
Cool cuisine for super sleepovers : easy recipes for kids to cook by Lisa Wagner
Publisher : Edina, MN : ABDO Pub. Co., c2007
Call No. : J English 641.5 WAG

marypoppins.jpg
Mary Poppins in the kitchen : a cookery book with a story by P.L. Travers (Drawings by Mary Shepard)
Publisher : Orlando, Fla. : Harcourt, c2006.
Call No. : J English 641.5 TRA

Children’s healthy & fun cookbook by Nicola Graimes (photography by Howard Shooter)
Publisher : London : Dorling Kindersley, 2007
Call No. : J English 641.5 GRA

Star cooks : cook book for kids
Publisher : London : Dorling Kindersley, 2006
Call No. : J English 641.5 STA

All websites are last accessed on 22 Nov 2007. Please check the websites’ homepages for the terms and conditions of use.
For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Answered by Ms Loh Yuexia, Librarian, Children’s Services

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Nov 21, 2007 - Anything & Everything    1 Comment     1,998 views

Why do Buddhists eat vegetarian food on Vesak Day?

ASK! about Anything & Everything

The main reason why Buddhists eat only vegetarian food on Vesak Day is because devotees are requested to make a special effort to refrain from killing of any kind and are instead encouraged to partake in vegetarian food.

Interestingly, liquor stores and slaughter houses in Sri Lanka are closed by government decree during the two days that are set aside for the celebration of Vesak..

References:
1. “What is Vesak?”. The Buddhist Channel. 30 Apr 2007. www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=6,4043,0,0,1,0
2. “About Vesak”. Vesak 2551 Celebrations. 2007. vesakcelebrations.sg/about
3. “Festivals of Malaysia-Vesak”. GeoVision Productions. 26 May 2005. www.geovision.com.my/malaysia/general/
religious/festivals/vesak.html

4. “Vesak Festival”. AsiaRooms.com. 19 Nov 2007. www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/
sri-lanka/sri-lanka-festivals-&-events/-vesak-festival.html

All sites are accessed on 20 Nov 2007.

Books of related interest:
1. The encyclopedia of world religions
- Robert S. Ellwood, general editor ; Gregory D. Alles, associate editor
Publisher: New York, N.Y. : Facts on File, c2007
Call No.: YR English 200.3 ENC

2. Introducing Buddhism
By Charles S. Prebish and Damien Keown
Publisher: New York ; London : Routledge, 2006
Call No.: English 294.3 PRE

3. World religions
By Markus Hattstein
Publisher: Köln : Könemann, 2005
Call No.: English 200.9 HAT

4. Buddhism : introducing the Buddhist experience
By Donald W. Mitchell
Publisher: New York : Oxford University Press, 2002
Call No.: English 294.3 MIT

For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Answered by Isaak Kwok, Librarian, Adult and Young People’s Services

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Nov 20, 2007 - ..Adults, Business & Finance    No Comments    1,699 views

Can you recommend books on marketing strategies in footwear industry?

ASK! about Business & Finance

Books of related interest:

Nike culture : the sign of the swoosh
By Robert Goldman and Stephen Papson.
Call number: English 659.1042 GOL -[BIZ]

Brand apart : insights on the art of creating a distinctive brand voice
By Joe Duffy.
Call number: English 658.8 DUF -[BIZ]

Nike’s marketing strategy (in Mandarin)
Call number: Chinese 658.8040973 NAI -[BIZ]

For location and availability on the books, please check : http://vistaweb.nlb.gov.sg

I would recommend using NLB’s rich digital resources to help in your research. You can sign up to be a Digital Library member and access the databases:

The following are extracted from e-database, Proquest :

1) Eastman Kodak Company: Kodak Sponsors “Knock It Off!” Conference, Informing Apparel and Footwear Industries on Anticounterfeiting Strategies
M2 Presswire. Coventry: Nov 7, 2007. p. 1
Abstract (Summary)
“Apparel and footwear companies at risk to counterfeiting face a worldwide dilemma that needs to be met with proactive solutions and innovative technologies,” said Steven Powell, General Manager and Director, Security Solutions, Eastman Kodak Company.

“Earlier this month, we met with fashion and luxury goods media and customers in Milan, Italy, to deliver a similar message. From Europe to the U.S., KODAK Security Solutions can help companies that want to proactively protect their reputations from the global counterfeiting threat.” The key to preventing counterfeiting is to add a component to the product that the counterfeiters can’t find, and therefore can’t replicate,” said Powell. “That’s what we’ve done with the KODAK TRACELESS System.” Consumers use Kodak’s system of digital and traditional products and services to take, print and share their pictures anytime, anywhere; Businesses effectively communicate with customers worldwide using KODAK solutions for prepress, conventional and digital printing and document imaging; and Creative Professionals rely on KODAK technology to uniquely tell their story through moving or still images.

2) WINNING UGLY
Eric Newman. Brandweek. New York: Oct 8, 2007. Vol. 48, Iss. 36; p. M22 (3 pages)
Comment: This is a good article on how Crocs became famous.

3) SHOP TALK: HIRSHLEIFER’S PREPS NEW SHOE SHOP…KOHL’S GROWTH STRATEGY…
Natalie Zmuda.. Footwear News : FN. New York: Oct 8, 2007. Vol. 63, Iss. 39; p. 20
Abstract (Summary)
Hirshleifer’s is strengthening its footwear presence with the opening of a 1,200-sq.-ft. space dedicated to shoes. The shop, slated to bow in December, will be located next to the retailer’s main store at the Americana Manhasset in Manhasset, N.Y.

Lori Hirshleifer, who oversees buying and merchandising, said that while the main store already has a dedicated footwear department, there just wasn’t enough space for all the designers and styles that the retailer wanted to carry.

4) How They Got Their Buzz Back
Richard Brunelli. Adweek. New York: Oct 1, 2007. Vol. 48, Iss. 35; p. 14 (3 pages)

5) Putting the Best Foot Forward
Deena M Amato-McCoy. Chain Store Age. New York: Oct 2007. Vol. 83, Iss. 10; p. 4A (3 pages)

6) NEW COLUMBIA FOOTWEAR CHIEF OUTLINES MARKET STRATEGY
Jennifer Ernst. Footwear News : FN. New York: Aug 27, 2007. Vol. 63, Iss. 33; p. 10

Answered by ROY WON, Librarian, Adult and Young People’s Services

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Nov 20, 2007 - ..Adults, Anything & Everything, History    No Comments    1,695 views

Who are the “Punkawalllahs”?

ASK! about History

“A Punkawallah is a person (servant) who works a ‘punkah’. A Punkah is a fan made from a leaf of the palmyra (an Asian palm with fan shaped leaves) or a large swinging cloth fan on a frame worked by a cord. Originating from India.

A Punkawallah is a person in a warm climate that pulls a rope or string that is connected to a fan on the ceiling or a person that fans another. In India, Punkawallahs are manual fan operators. A punka is a South Asian fan for ventilation: a hand-held fan for cooling or ventilation, or, formerly, a ceiling fan operated by an attendant.”
Source: uk.geocities.com/latchfordband/homework2006.html
Accessed on 9 November 2007

For the history of fans, please refer to:
encycl.opentopia.com/term/Fan_(implement)

Punkah or punkawallahs are not around now due to the cheaper and convenient alternatives – electric fans and airconditioners.

Originally answered by Kweh Soon Huat, Librarian, Adult and Young People’s Services

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Nov 15, 2007 - ..Children, Anything & Everything    No Comments    1,307 views

What is the most expensive thing in the world?

Kids ASK! about Anything & Everything

Now this question’s a peach… so what exactly is the most expensive thing in the world? I immediately thought it was a diamond. However, I realized that you had to go by items because every group of things have their own list of “most expensive”, worthy enough to go into a world book of records.

Did you know that the most expensive airline ticket was paid by Australian Julian Hayward this September 2007 for the first ticket on Singapore Airlines’ Airbus A380 for a flight from Singapore to Sydney? He paid a whooping $100,380.00 USD for a ticket that should only cost about $3,391.00.

Another interesting one is the world’s most expensive Monopoly set. In this set, the house and hotel pieces are made with solid gold and the pips in the dice were made out of diamonds. All it would cost? 2 million USD.

There are plenty of cats on the streets but this cat is different. It costs over 40,000 USD. Its name is Cato, a second generation Bengal cat from breeder Esmond Gay. Would you pay that much for a cat?

Well, I will not spoil the fun listing every expensive “item” down here but you can check out this website which I used to pull out all these fun facts for you.

The Longest List of the Longest Stuff at the Longest Domain Name at Long Last: Most Expensive

Now of course, there will be those who argue that the most expensive things in the world are the things that money cannot buy, things like a healthy life, love, friendship, freedom and so on and so forth. But I’ll let you be the judge of that. Meanwhile, here are some sites you can look at

World’s Most Expensive Cities (Report by CNN Money, June 18, 2007)

Top 10 Most Expensive Cars (Automobile.com)

A random selection of anything expensive

For Children and Youth:

140340772X.jpg
Sports cars by Ian Graham
Publisher: Oxford : Heineman Library, 2003
Call Number: Y English q629.2221 GRA

1410900290.jpg
A fashionable history of jewellery and accessories by Helen Reynolds
Publisher: Oxford : Heinemann Library, 2003
Call Number: Y STU English q391.4409 REY -[CUS]

Tokyo by Nicola Barber
Publisher: Milwaukee, WI : World Almanac Library, 2004
Call Number: J English 952 BAR

All websites are last accessed on 14 November 2007. Please refer to the terms and conditions on the homepages for use.
For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Originally answered by Kheak Hui Hiang, Librarian, Children’s Services

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Nov 10, 2007 - ..Children, Environment    2 Comments    2,383 views

All About Jane Goodall

[ASK! Editor speaks:]

Recently, I had the good fortune to hear Dr. Jane Goodall speak at the National Volunteerism & Philanthropy and Corporate Social Responsibility Conference 2007 (http://www.acedaytons-direct.com/nvpc/micro/index.htm). Her speech was entitled “Every Individual Makes a Difference – Reason for Hope” and it was indeed an inspiring one.

She spoke about her passion for animals, chimpanzees especially, and how she was determined to travel to Africa and work with animals. As she related her rich and varied life experiences to the audience, it also made me curious about how Dr. Goodall came to where she is today.

And, below are just some of the many information sources I found available from the library on the renowned Dr. Goodall.

First foray by Jane Goodall Institute into S-E Asia
Shobana Kesava
1 November 2007
Straits Times
“The Singapore chapter of a global non-profit organisation to inspire individuals to improve the environment for all living things opens tomorrow.

This will be the first foray by the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) into South-east Asia. The JGI has 25 other branches around the world and primarily reaches out to the young…”

Dr. Jane Goodall finds common ground for chimps and coffee. (World News: Coffee and Tea Reports from the Front Line)
1 May 2007
Tea & Coffee Trade Journal
“Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Inc., of Waterbury, Vermont recently unveiled its latest coffee, “Gombe Reserve” — in cooperation with the Jane Goodall Institute…”

Jane Goodall shares energy with WSU; Chimp expert, activist meets with members of Roots & Shoots clubs
Shawn Vestal
Spokane
9 March 2007
The Spokesman-Review
“Katia Rossi was in high school when she met Jane Goodall on a plane six years ago.

The famed primatologist and environmental activist handed Rossi a pamphlet for Roots & Shoots – the youth organization of the Jane Goodall Institute that supports environmental, humanitarian and animal-rights causes…”

Sources:
Kesava, S (2007, November, 1). First foray by Jane Goodall Institute into S-E Asia . Straits Times, Retrieved November 10, 2007
(2007, May, 1). Dr. Jane Goodall finds common ground for chimps and coffee. (World News: Coffee and Tea Reports from the Front Line). Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, 179, Retrieved November 10, 2007
Vestal, S (2007, March, 9). Jane Goodall shares energy with WSU; Chimp expert, activist meets with members of Roots & Shoots clubs. The Spokesman-Review, Retrieved November 10, 2007

The above articles are accessible via the Factiva database, which is available at all NLB Multi-media stations.

As for books, of course, there are plentiful resources for researching on Dr. Goodall.

For Children:

Animal_Scientist.jpg
Jane Goodall : animal scientist by Katherine Krohn
Publisher : Mankato, Minn. : Capstone Press, c2006
Call No. : J 590 KRO

Jane_Goodall.jpg
Jane Goodall by Jo S. Kittinger
Publisher : New York : Children’s Press, c2005
Call No. : J P 590 KIT

Hope.jpg
Jane Goodall : finding hope in the wilds of Africa by Diana Briscoe
Publisher : Bloomington, Minn. : Red Brick Learning, c2005
Call No. : J 590 BRI

Chimp.jpg
The chimpanzees I love : saving their world and ours by Jane Goodall
Publisher : New York : Scholastic Press, 2001
Call No. : J 599.885 GOO

For Adults:

Redefine.jpg
Jane Goodall : the woman who redefined man by Dale Peterson
Publisher : Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co., c2006
Call No. : 590.92 PET -[ANI]

Harvest.jpg
Harvest for hope : a guide to mindful eating by Jane Goodall with Gary McAvoy and Gail Hudson
Publisher : New York : Warner Books, c2005
Call No. : 641.3002 GOO

Trusts.jpg
The ten trusts : what we must do to care for the animals we love / Jane Goodall and Marc Bekoff
Publisher : San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco, 2003, c2002
Call No. : 333.95416 GOO

Reason.jpg
Reason for hope : a spiritual journey / Jane Goodall with Phillip Berman
Publisher : San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco, 2003, c2002
Call No. : 333.95416 GOO

There’s also a youth programme called “Roots and Shoots”, founded by Dr. Goodall and it’s all about “making positive change happen—for our communities, for animals and for the environment.” You can visit the Roots & Shoots website for more information on this meaningful programme.

Source: About Us – Roots & Shoots : Empowering youth to make positive change happen. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from Roots & Shoots Web site: http://www.rootsandshoots.org/aboutus

Dr. Jane Goodall has most certainly contributed much to this world and the world of animal and environmental conservation. And I hope that her efforts towards these worthy causes would continue, with the help of public education and societal awareness.

Posted by Ms Elizabeth Lee, Librarian, Children’s Services

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Nov 9, 2007 - Anything & Everything    12 Comments    10,863 views

Why do the railway tracks have stones around them (e.g. MRT train tracks)?

ASK! about Anything & Everything

[ASK Editor speaks:]
How many a times have you, whilst waiting for the MRT trains to arrive, noticed that the train’s tracks are “surrounded” with stones? Why stones amongst all other materials available in the market? Can it be that stones provide a better foundation for the train whizzing past? Or that it is perhaps a better “shock-resistant” to movement and tremors?

Sometime last month, my colleague Nur Hakim Low had a patron come asking him “Why do the railway tracks have stones around them (e.g. MRT train tracks)?”. After conducting a fair amount of research, his reply to the patron is as follows:

“The stone materials are described as ballast, and their functions are more fully outlined in this extract below:Ballast is the granular material, mostly uniformly graded stone aggregate of not less than 40 mm size, laid under and around the rail sleepers, to transmit the load on sleepers to a large area of formation.Ballast also imparts the much needed longitudinal and lateral stability to tracks by preventing the movement of sleepers under dynamic loads of moving trains. Indeed ballast with stood it all by a property called internal friction of aggregates (stone chips).

Internal friction of aggregates depends on the texture, shape and size of aggregates. So, hard and strong stones like granites, quartzite, trap, basalt etc are used. When such stones are not available sandstones, lime stones etc., may also be used. The only criterion is they should be cubical or angular instead of flaky and rounded.
If you ever happened to go to a construction site, make two small heaps one each of sand and stone aggregate (used for concrete) with equal height. Then try pushing the sand heap in one go with hands. It might move easily. Then try pushing the aggregate heap with hands. It offers disproportionately high resistance. You may even fail to move it fully or need much effort to slide it. Thats internal friction for you.

Similarly, stand on a sand heap it would flatten easily. Next stand on an aggregate heap, it will not budge much! Again it is the internal friction at work. So, the densely packed good quality ballast under, in between and around the sleepers gives much resistance to the movement of sleepers under dynamic loads of moving trains. The ballast packing on tracks would be checked regularly, say weekly once or so, to pack the slipped aggregate closely under and around sleepers. However, it is the humans and cattle straying on to tracks that cause more disturbance than dynamic loads.

Besides, the ballast also serves the following:
- It helps in draining the rain water easily off the track.
- It prevents capillary rise of surface water to track due to large voids.
- It helps prevent weed growth on track.
- It gives some elasticity to track structure.
- Loose nature of ballast helps easy maintenance and adjustment of track levels.
- It protects the form of top surface of formation.
(http://civil-engineering.science-tips.org/
transportation-engineering/railway-engineering/
what-lies-behind-the-rails-of-high-speed-railroads.html
)

For more information, you may also look at section 2, Ballast, in this university thesis paper. http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/archive/
00000060/01/Thesis.pdf

Arhhh… At least for me, i am enlightened now…

Posted by Mr Justin Tan, Librarian, Adult and Young People’s Services
Original answer by Mr Nur Hakim Low , Librarian, Adult and Young People’s Services

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