Kids ASK! about Anything & Everything

I have always dreamed of seeing the Northern Lights, not quite a possibility from this part of the world. You need to be quite far up north to be able to see it or south if the Southern Lights are your cup of tea. So… what exactly are the Northern Lights, also known as the Aurora Borealis?

The Aurora is caused by collision of atoms and molecules from gases with charged particles that exist in the Earth’s magnetic field. The light of the Aurora falls in the range of blue, green and red and should not be mistaken for sunlight. The different light colours are a result of the nature of the atmosphere at different altitudes as well as the slower speed at which oxygen emits light. Oxygen takes nearly a second to release green light and up to two minutes to release red light. However, if the oxygen molecule collides with another molecule, the energy from the initial collision with the charged particle is passed and no light is emitted. Combinations of gases present also give rise to different coloured light displays.

At lower altitudes, the atmosphere is a lot more dense and a high density means the oxygen particles are not given a chance to emit light due to the higher possibility of colliding with another molecule and the ones likely to be responsible for the emission of light would be nitrogen, which gives the Aurora its pink. Therefore, when we look at a whole Aurora light display, the colours higher up would be from oxygen which is red and green, the middle greenish and white (from a combination of oxygen and nitrogen) and at the lower edge, pinkish.

The Aurora is not still. It moves, like a soundless sheet of light across the sky. The movement is caused by the Earth’s magnetic field being compressed by solar wind (streams of charged particles from the sun) forming distortions in the magnetic field. These distortions are responsible for the patterns and movements of the Aurora.

By the way, the Southern Lights are known as Aurora Australis.

Reference:
1. Akasofu, Dr. S. (2003). Frequently asked questions about the aurora. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from Asahi Aurora Web site: http://asahi-classroom.gi.alaska.edu/aurfaq.htm
2. The Aurora Australis - Southern Lights. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from Antarctic Connection Web site: http://www.antarcticconnection.com/ antarctic/weather/aurora.shtml

If you want to read more about the Northern Lights, here are books you can check out at our libraries.

For Children:

Image retrieved from www.amazon.com

Northern lights by Deborah Underwood
Publisher: San Diego, Calif. : KidHaven Press, c2004
Call Number: J English 538 UND

Image retrieved from www.bn.com

Earth by Elaine Landau
Publisher: New York : Children’s Press, 2008
Call Number: J English 525 LAN

Image retrieved from www.amazon.ca

Earth’s journey through space by Trudy E. Bell
Publisher: New York, N.Y. : Chelsea House Publishers, c2008
Call Number: Y English 525 BEL

All websites are last accessed on 21 July 2008. Please refer to the terms and conditions on the homepages for use.
For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Answered by Felicia Chan,

Librarian, Children’s Services

Kids ASK! about Singapore

[Editor’s note: When I first saw this question, I was stumped. It would be really difficult to put an exact number to the trees as in addition to the planted trees, we do have small nature reserves with dense vegetation. Nonetheless, it is still an interesting question and fellow colleague Stephanie, gave this answer.]

It will be difficult to put an exact figure to the number of trees in Singapore. However, I will attempt to provide some information that will give an idea to the number of trees in Singapore.

From an article in The Straits Times dated 9 April 1990:
“Over the past 10 years, the number of trees planted by the department has doubled - from 327,000 to 660,000. Shrubs doubled from 2.4 million to 4.5 million. And last year, the department planted a total of 41,370 trees, including fruit trees and palms”.

Source:
The Straits Times, 9 April 1990 - accessible from Factiva, an online database consisting of archives of over 9000 news and information sources, including The Straits Times, Business Times, New York Times, etc. Factiva.com can be accessed from all multimedia stations available in our libraries.

From Singapore Infopedia:
“The Tree Planting campaign was launched by the government in 1963 with the objective of making Singapore a green city. Every year a minimum of 10,000 saplings are planted as part of this campaign. The campaign consists of an annual Tree Planting Day”.

Source:
Tree Planting Campaign by Thulaja, Naidu Ratnala - accessible from Singapore Infopedia database, which can be accessed via our multimedia stations available at the libraries.

From Singapore: the encyclopedia:
“Although over 95 percent of Singapore’s original vegetation cover has been cleared due to urbanization, there are still some 200 ha of (mostly secondary) rainforests left, as well as stretches of mangroves. Presently, Singapore has over 2000 species of flora”.

Source:
Book title: Singapore: the encyclopedia [editor-in-chief, Tommy Koh ; general editors, Timothy Auger, Jimmy Yap, Ng Wei Chian].
Call No.: RSING 959.57003 SIN -[HIS]

[Editor’s post humorous note: Well we do not know how many trees are in our rainforests but from the numbers above, just from the tree planting campaign alone, at least 450 000 trees were planted (45 years multiplied by a minimum of 10, 000 trees). That’s quite a lot of trees but some would probably say it is not enough.]

If you want to read more about trees, here are books that you can check out at our library.

Tropical trees and shrubs : a selection for urban planting by Wee Yeow Chin
Call No.: SING 582.16095957 WEE

Trees of our garden city : a guide to the common trees of Singapore
Editors: Tee Swee Ping, Wee Mei Lynn; Contributors, Low Yong Kwee … [et al.].
Call No.: RSING 582.16095957 TRE

The common plants of Singapore by Wee Yeow Chin
Call No.: RSING 581.959 WEE [CD ROM]

All websites are last accessed on 20 June 2008. Please refer to the terms and conditions on the homepages for use.
For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Originally Answered by Stephanie Tan
Librarian, Children’s Services

Posted by Felicia Chan
Librarian, Children’s Services

Kids ASK! about Pets & Animals

Shark’s fin… With the coming of Chinese New Year, some families will choose to have their reunion dinners banquet style—10 course dinners and such. That also means that many poor sharks would have sacrificed their lives to be on these dinner tables.

The move to protect sharks is only something of recent years. Sharks are killed for their fins, which are considered delicacies. Due to its popularity as a dish at wedding banquets and formal Chinese dinners, shark populations are diminishing faster than they can reproduce. As a result, shark populations have plummeted so much that it prompted an international call to action.

Sharks have 5 different kinds of fins:

1) Paired pectoral fins that lift the shark as it swims.
2) Paired pelvic fins that help to stabilize the shark.
3) One or two dorsal fins that stabilize the shark.
4) An anal fin - not all sharks have this but it provides stability for those that do.
5) The caudal or tail fin that moves the shark forward.

Depending on the species, a shark can produce up to 10 fins and all of them can be eaten though they may vary in price depending on what fin it is and the species of the shark. The tail fin of a shark is usually the most expensive, for example, the tail fin of the Basking shark can cost about US$10 000.

This part surprised me. I was under the assumption that only one or two fins from the shark can be eaten but a search through the net proved otherwise. What we are really eating is the cartilage—the shark’s fin is cooked for a long time until the fin breaks up into noodle-like strands and that would be the cartilage of the fin. It is believed that shark’s fin has medicinal properties but there are also others who say that shark’s fin can be harmful if consumed consistently over a long period of time due to high levels of mercury.

However, the strongest case against shark fishing is the practice of finning. Finning is the practice of cutting of the shark’s fins and then throwing the shark’s body back to the sea. Sometimes these sharks are still alive when thrown back and end up either drowning or getting eaten by other fishes. Finning has been made illegal in U.S. fishing waters since the year 2000 but is not necessarily effective due to the high demand for shark’s fin, which encourages fishermen to continue such an act because it saves them money.

Shark’s fin is still very popular is Singapore.

Sources:

Title: Nature’s predators: sharks by Kris Hirschmann
Call No.: J 597.3 HIR

Ocean Of Know, Fins. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from Ocean Of Know Web site: http://oceanofk.org/sharks/fin.html

Pellissier, H. (2003, Jan 20). Shark Fin Soup: An Eco-Catastrophe?. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from SFGate.com Web site: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/g/archive/2003/01/20/urbananimal.DTL

Hui, S. (2005, Jun 13). Sellers shrug off shark fin brouhaha as just business. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from The Standard Web site: http://www.thestandard.com.hk/stdn/
std/Metro/GF13Ak07.html

Sample, I. (2006, Aug 31). Sharks pay high price as demand for fins soars. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from The Guardian Web site: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/
2006/aug/31/fish.frontpagenews
2006/aug/31/fish.frontpagenews

If you want to find out more information on sharks

For Children:

What do sharks eat for dinner?: questions and answers about sharks by Melvin and Gilda Berger
Publisher : New York : Scholastic, c2000
Call No. : J 597.3 BER

Nature’s predators: sharks by Kris Hirschmann
Publisher : San Diego, Calif. : KidHaven Press, c2002
Call No. : J 597.3 HIR

100 facts on sharks by Steve Parker
Publisher : Great Bardfield, Essex : Bardfield Press, 2007
Call No. : J 597.3 PAR

All websites are last accessed on 9 January 2008. Please refer to the terms and conditions on the homepages for use.
All images used are extracted from http://www.amazon.com and http://www.bn.com.
For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Originally answered by Stephanie Tan, Librarian, Children’s Services

 Contributed by Felicia Chan, Librarian, Children’s Services

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If you have a different question, please email to mailto:ask@nlb.gov.sg?subject=ASK_blog- instead of sending a comment.

Kids ASK! about Environment

[ASK! Editor speaks]
To conserve the Earth’s resources and save our planet from further damage from pollution, countries all over the world are embarking on energy conservation efforts and recycling. In Singapore, Recycling Day 2007 was held on 24 Nov 2007. To read more about it, please visit the article “RECYCLING DAY 2007″ on the National Environment Agency website. (The article can be found at app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/article.asp?pid=2984.)

And here are some books on recycling that our librarians would like to recommend to you:

You can save the planet by Jacquie Wines
Publisher : London : Buster Books, 2007
Call No. : J English 333.7 WIN

A sustainable future : saving & recycling resources by Louise Spilsbury
Publisher : Oxford : Raintree, 2006
Call No. : J English 338.9 SPI

The recycling centre by Sue Barraclough
Publisher : London : Franklin Watts, 2006
Call No. : J English 363.72 BAR

To find more books on recycling, please look for books under the call number J 363.72 in the Children’s Section.

All websites are last accessed on 21 Dec 2007. Please check the websites’ homepages for the terms and conditions of use.
For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Originally answered by Ms Adeline Tan, Librarian, Children’s Services

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[ASK! Editor speaks:]

Recently, I had the good fortune to hear Dr. Jane Goodall speak at the National Volunteerism & Philanthropy and Corporate Social Responsibility Conference 2007 (http://www.acedaytons-direct.com/nvpc/micro/index.htm). Her speech was entitled “Every Individual Makes a Difference – Reason for Hope” and it was indeed an inspiring one.

She spoke about her passion for animals, chimpanzees especially, and how she was determined to travel to Africa and work with animals. As she related her rich and varied life experiences to the audience, it also made me curious about how Dr. Goodall came to where she is today.

And, below are just some of the many information sources I found available from the library on the renowned Dr. Goodall.

First foray by Jane Goodall Institute into S-E Asia
Shobana Kesava
1 November 2007
Straits Times
“The Singapore chapter of a global non-profit organisation to inspire individuals to improve the environment for all living things opens tomorrow.

This will be the first foray by the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) into South-east Asia. The JGI has 25 other branches around the world and primarily reaches out to the young…”

Dr. Jane Goodall finds common ground for chimps and coffee. (World News: Coffee and Tea Reports from the Front Line)
1 May 2007
Tea & Coffee Trade Journal
“Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Inc., of Waterbury, Vermont recently unveiled its latest coffee, “Gombe Reserve” — in cooperation with the Jane Goodall Institute…”

Jane Goodall shares energy with WSU; Chimp expert, activist meets with members of Roots & Shoots clubs
Shawn Vestal
Spokane
9 March 2007
The Spokesman-Review
“Katia Rossi was in high school when she met Jane Goodall on a plane six years ago.

The famed primatologist and environmental activist handed Rossi a pamphlet for Roots & Shoots - the youth organization of the Jane Goodall Institute that supports environmental, humanitarian and animal-rights causes…”

Sources:
Kesava, S (2007, November, 1). First foray by Jane Goodall Institute into S-E Asia . Straits Times, Retrieved November 10, 2007
(2007, May, 1). Dr. Jane Goodall finds common ground for chimps and coffee. (World News: Coffee and Tea Reports from the Front Line). Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, 179, Retrieved November 10, 2007
Vestal, S (2007, March, 9). Jane Goodall shares energy with WSU; Chimp expert, activist meets with members of Roots & Shoots clubs. The Spokesman-Review, Retrieved November 10, 2007

The above articles are accessible via the Factiva database, which is available at all NLB Multi-media stations.

As for books, of course, there are plentiful resources for researching on Dr. Goodall.

For Children:

Jane Goodall : animal scientist by Katherine Krohn
Publisher : Mankato, Minn. : Capstone Press, c2006
Call No. : J 590 KRO

Jane Goodall by Jo S. Kittinger
Publisher : New York : Children’s Press, c2005
Call No. : J P 590 KIT

Jane Goodall : finding hope in the wilds of Africa by Diana Briscoe
Publisher : Bloomington, Minn. : Red Brick Learning, c2005
Call No. : J 590 BRI

The chimpanzees I love : saving their world and ours by Jane Goodall
Publisher : New York : Scholastic Press, 2001
Call No. : J 599.885 GOO

For Adults:

Jane Goodall : the woman who redefined man by Dale Peterson
Publisher : Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co., c2006
Call No. : 590.92 PET -[ANI]

Harvest for hope : a guide to mindful eating by Jane Goodall with Gary McAvoy and Gail Hudson
Publisher : New York : Warner Books, c2005
Call No. : 641.3002 GOO

The ten trusts : what we must do to care for the animals we love / Jane Goodall and Marc Bekoff
Publisher : San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco, 2003, c2002
Call No. : 333.95416 GOO

Reason for hope : a spiritual journey / Jane Goodall with Phillip Berman
Publisher : San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco, 2003, c2002
Call No. : 333.95416 GOO

There’s also a youth programme called “Roots and Shoots”, founded by Dr. Goodall and it’s all about “making positive change happen—for our communities, for animals and for the environment.” You can visit the Roots & Shoots website for more information on this meaningful programme.

Source: About Us - Roots & Shoots : Empowering youth to make positive change happen. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from Roots & Shoots Web site: http://www.rootsandshoots.org/aboutus

Dr. Jane Goodall has most certainly contributed much to this world and the world of animal and environmental conservation. And I hope that her efforts towards these worthy causes would continue, with the help of public education and societal awareness.

Posted by Ms Elizabeth Lee, Librarian, Children’s Services

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Kids ASK! about Environment

[ASK! Editor speaks]

Many kids at the libraries ask us about global warming. And as I was compiling a post on this, I incidentally came across the Elsy’s Stay at Home Mom Blog by Elsy Masters, where she wrote an entry entitled My World, My Home, My Family. She noted that the awareness of global warming is starting to increase, yet we seem not to be doing enough to save the Earth. From her perspective as a stay-at-home mum, she shared about what her family does to play a part in conserving the environment and ended with a heartwarming wish that our future generations will get to see the wonders and beauty that nature has for us.

So if you fretting about how to instill the importance of saving our environment to the young ones, I hope you derive some inspiration from the post!

Now, let’s see what are some of the books and websites that our librarians have to recommend to the children:

BOOKS

Global warming alert! by Dr. Richard Cheel
Publisher : New York : Crabtree Pub. Company, c2007
Call No. : J English 363.738 CHE

The greenhouse effect : warming the planet by Darlene R. Stille
Publisher : Minneapolis, Minn. : Compass Point Books, c2007
Call No. : J English 363.738 STI

An inconvenient truth : the crisis of global warming by Al Gore [adapted for young readers by Jane O’Connor]
Publisher : New York. : Viking : Rodale, c2007
Call No. : Y English 363.73874 GOR

Global warming by Antony Lishak
Publisher : London : Franklin Watts, 2006
Call No. : J English 363.738 LIS

WEBSITES

The EPA Climate Change Kids Site on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (epa.gov/climatechange/kids/)

GlobalWarming.org (http://www.globalwarming.org/)

Global Warming Facts & Our Future on Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences (www.koshlandsciencemuseum.org/exhibitgcc/index.jsp)

All websites are last accessed on 22 Oct 2007. Please check the websites’ homepages for the terms and conditions of use.
For the availability of the above book titles, please check the library catalogue.

Book and website recommendations by Ms Lim Shang Nee, Librarian, Children’s Services

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ASK! about Science & Technology

Firstly, there are actually different types of north poles.

True North Pole
The true north pole of the earth is where the earth’s spin axis meets the surface. The spin axis is an imaginary line through the earth.

Magnetic North
The magnetic north is where the compass will point to, since the compass reacts to the earth’s magnetic field. However, the magnetic north of the earth does not coincide with the earth’s true north pole. Thus, the direction in which the compass needle points is slightly different from the direction of the north pole at almost all places on the earth. It veers slightly to the east or west at almost all places on the earth.

Hence, even standing on the very spot of the north pole, the compass needle will still point north.

References:
Mahaney, W. C. (2001). North Pole. In World Book 2001. Chicago : World Book, Inc.
Hobbs, R. (2001). Compass. In World Book 2001. Chicago : World Book, Inc.
About.com, http://www.about.com/, True North, Magnetic North and Compass North: From Jim Shepard, retrieved: 4 Oct 07, URL: powerboat.about.com/od/navigation/a/ truenorth_wayup.htm

Answered by Ms Chiu Suet Fen , Librarian, Adult and Young People’s Services

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Kids ASK! about the Environment

The full question reads:
Does all the water we use go to sea? If so, why is the sea never full? There are so many people in the world. If I use about 10 litres of water a day, then there is at least 1 million litres of water that goes to the sea. I don’t believe that the water cycle is able to carry so much water in the air.

Our answer:
The water could either be re-used or released into the hydrosphere [like lakes, streams, seas, and ground and air (in the form of vapour)]. It is rare that the sea is so full that it ‘eats’ into the land. However there have been instances where it did happen. In such instances, Man has created some clever methods to help prevent flooding, like building drains, canals and dams, as well as, building houses by the coast on higher ground.

Here are some additional information for you.
- There are 6,700,000,000 people in this world.
- There is about 1,400,000,000 cubic kilometres of water found in the hydrosphere, in the forms of solid, liquid and gas.
- By volume, 97.957 percent of the water on the planet is in the seas and oceans. The water vapour in the air form 0.001 percent. Water in lakes and streams makes up 0.036 percent, while water in the ground comes up to 0.365 percent. Glaciers and ice caps form 1.641 percent of the Earth’s total water volume.

Sources :
ocean. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition: http://library.eb.com/eb/article-9108518

(2007, May 15). World population. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from ibiblio - the public’s library and digital archive Web site: http://www.ibiblio.org/lunarbin/worldpop

hydrosphere. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition: http://library.eb.com/eb/article-9106293

(2004). NEWater. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Public Utilities Board Web site: http://www.pub.gov.sg/NEWater_files/
overview/index.html

(2004). Deep Tunnel Sewarage System. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Public Utilities Board Web site: http://www.pub.gov.sg/our_services/
UsedWaterDTSS.aspx?l1=2&l2=9&l3=11

(2006). Science Net - Earth Science - Natural Resources. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Singapore Science Centre Web site: http://www.science.edu.sg/ssc/detailed.jsp?
artid=5943&type=6&root=2&parent=2&cat=22

If you want to find more information about the water cycle, you may refer to the following books :

The Water Cycle by Bobbie Kalman
Publisher : New York : Crabtree Pub. Co., c2006
Call No. : J English 551.48 KAL
Click here to check our catalogue for item availability.

The Hoover Dam by Lesley A. DuTemple
Publisher : Minneapolis : Lerner Publications Co., c2003
Call No. : J English 627 DUT
Click here to check our catalogue for item availability.

Sources of Water by Rebecca Olien
Publisher : Mankato, Minn. : Capstone Press, c2005
Call No. : J P English 551.46 OLI
Click here to check our catalogue for item availability.

Water on the Move by Suzanne Slade
Publisher : New York, N.Y. : PowerKids Press, 2007
Call No. : J English 551.48 SLA
Click here to check our catalogue for item availability.

All websites are last accessed on 13 August 2007.

Answered by Ms Verena Lee, Librarian, Children’s Services

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ASK! about Science & Technology

Rechargeable alkaline batteries are most appropriate for low- and moderate-power portable equipment, such as hand-held toys and radio receivers.

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries have high life span cycles. This makes them useful for high energy devices such as laptop computers, cellular phones, and camcorders. Ni-MH batteries have a high self-discharge rate and are relatively expensive.

Lithium-ion batteries have a higher voltage and hold a charge much longer than other types of batteries. They are also more expensive than similar capacity NiMH batteries. This is because they are much more complex to manufacture.

The more common type of re-chargeable batteries found easily in the supermarkets is NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride).
The numbers 2000mAh, 2500mAh and 2700mAh gives you an indication of the capacity of the batteries. The higher the number, the higher the capacity. Similarly, it may also take a little longer time to charge.

Electronic devices sometimes includes listings or specifications of re-chargeable batteries that can be used.
This can usually be found in their user guides or manuals.

Below are some online resources which you may be interested in exploring further:
[1] Green Batteries - Battery Information and FAQs, www.greenbatteries.com, last accessed Jul 21, 2007.
[2] Battery University, www.batteryuniversity.com/, last accessed Jul 21, 2007.
[3] Batteries in a portable world, www.buchmann.ca/default.asp, last accessed Jul 21, 2007.

Answered by Ms Chiu Suet Fen, Librarian (Adult and Young People’s Services)

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ASK! about Anything & Everything

The Bermuda Triangle over the decades has become notorious for missing ships and planes.

Many reasons have been put forward for this — some blame UFOs and other government experiments and even sea monsters!

However the region is also quite dangerous for atmospheric reasons. The area is well known for large showers and storms which create strong waterspouts. Many small watercraft try and avoid these but sometimes they don’t with disastrous consequences.

Waterspouts many hundreds of years ago were often associated with sea monsters — potentially a metaphor that simply went wrong, while some sailors may have actually thought it was a type of sea monster.

Hurricanes and tropical storm systems also develop and sometimes intensify rapidly in the very warm waters — and this may also contribute to some of the mysterious disappearances of craft over the years.

Source:
WEATHERWATCH
Don White, ANTHONY CORNELIUS
11 March 2006
Daily Telegraph

Books
The Bermuda triangle mystery solved.
By Larry Kusche.
Call no.: English 001.94 KUS

Into the Bermuda Triangle : pursuing the truth behind the world’s greatest mystery.
By Glan J. Quasar.
Call no.: English 001.94 QUA

The fog : a never before published theory of the Bermuda Triangle phenomenon.
By Rob MacGregor and Bruce Gernon.
Call no.: English 001.94 MAC

Please check for availability here.

Answered by Lim Li Ping, Librarian, Public Library Services

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